Financial Goals to Accomplish by Age 30

If you’re reading this on the day it comes out, I have officially turned 30. I’ve been ambivalent about turning 30 for a while now, wanting to stay 27 forever (unfortunately, I never found a vampire to make that happen). The last time I felt I hit a big milestone was when I turned 19. At the time, I was in college and co-running a YouTube channel with my best friend Ilana. I filmed a video about what people can do when they turn 19, the most exciting of which was being able to drink legally in all of Canada! Inspired by this, I looked at the most common financial goals people should achieve by the time they turn 30. Of course, everyone will be on a different trajectory, but I always find benchmarks helpful when it comes to money.

1. Build and Replenish an Emergency Fund

The decade of my 20s was all about saving, and I’m so thankful I was able to focus on this goal. Building an emergency savings fund is the first step you can take to achieve financial independence. A common guideline is to have at least six months of living expenses saved in this fund, but you can work up to this. I have my emergency fund in my regular savings account that is attached to my checking account. This means it’s not earning me much interest, but that’s quite literally the price I pay for this money to be easily accessible in an emergency. If you end up tapping your emergency savings, be sure to set up a plan for building that fund back up to the amount you maintained before. Whenever your financial situation changes, you should reassess this amount to make sure it will still cover six months of expenses.

2. Pay off Debt

Once you have money saved up for emergencies, you have increased your net worth and also your ability to pay off debt. If you were trying to pay down debt before building up your savings, you would slip further into the red, and it would be difficult to get yourself out of debt in the future. It’s best to focus on your high-interest debt first—anything above 6%—since that interest will compound and add more to your debt if you don’t get it under control. Examples of high-interest debt could be on credit cards, personal loans and private student loans. Federal student loans are usually lower-interest debt, along with mortgages.

3. Maintain a Good Credit Score

Not only do you need to get yourself into a good credit score range (above 670), but you also need to keep that credit score up while you live your life. Your credit score can change at least once a month, but this can vary depending on how many lines of credit you have. You can keep your credit score up by paying your credit card bills on time, keeping your card balances low and only applying for lines of credit that you need. Over the last year, my credit score has stayed within the range of 770 to 780, which is considered “very good.” Maybe I’ll try to sneak into the “excellent” range (800 to 850) during my 30s 😉.

4. Start Saving for Retirement

I know most of us young people don’t even want to think about retirement half the time, but if you are actively contributing to a retirement account, you shouldn’t have to think much about your balance. The best thing to do once you choose your investments for your retirement account is to rarely check it. I know this sounds counterintuitive, but unless you have concerns about your account not making enough or you want to reconsider how your portfolio is allocated, it’s best to just let your investments ride their gains and only periodically check your balance.

One rule is to have at least half of your current income in your retirement account by the time you turn 30, but I’m not sure how achievable this is in practice. Especially with inflation, millennials and Generation Z are struggling to even hit what is considered the minimum. It might be more reasonable to shoot for having one-third of your income saved for retirement by age 30. For example, if you’re making $45,000, this would equate to $15,000 in your retirement account. I can honestly say that I have less than one-third of my income in my retirement account right now, but I have multiple savings and investment vehicles that together would cover this amount.

5. Know Where Your Money Goes

This is just a looser way to say “budget,” but by age 30 it’s important to know how much money you are spending relative to how much you are making. You probably have a general idea when you look at your bank account and credit card statements, but if you still feel a dark cloud over your head when you think about your finances, it might be time to break out the spreadsheets and take a closer look at the numbers. I yo-yo between finding my budget helpful and hurtful, but the truth is there’s no emotion that I’m not projecting onto these numbers. On their own, they’re just numbers. The sooner you face them, the better off you and your money will be.

6. Begin Investing

If you haven’t started investing, there’s no time like right now! For me, the hardest part of investing so far was the beginning. If you’re struggling to figure out where to start, it’s helpful to determine how much money you have available to invest. If you want to go for something easy that won’t take much of your time, put that money into an index mutual fund or exchange-traded fund (ETF). It won’t beat the market’s return, but it will ensure that you have investments making money for your future.

How Do You Score?

By age 30, I have pretty much everything I need for financial stability. Out of the six goals, I would say I have achieved five and a half, for 91.7%, or a grade of A–. This means I have places I can improve in my 30s, so I’ll be focusing more on my goal of saving for retirement and optimizing my budget. If you’re turning 30 soon or you recently turned 30, how many of these goals have you achieved? What has been the hardest one? Let me know in the comments!

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How to Decide When You Need a Financial Adviser

Though I have primarily managed my own money and investments thus far in my personal finance journey, I know this level of involvement is not for everyone. Somehow, my detail-oriented brain can handle the information despite its inability to understand math! Plus, I have been exposed to this content all day, every day by working at AAII for nearly seven years. At this point, I dream in financial metrics (a new genre of nightmare!). My goal for this blog is to show you how I make educated decisions in the hopes that you will follow along and learn how to make the right decisions for yourself. But what if you can’t wrap your head around all this stuff?

I have friends come to me asking how they can save better; expressing how they, too, are afraid of going to tax jail; or concluding that they just can’t keep financial information in their brain. Believe me, I’m with you! If you feel like you don’t have the time or capacity to manage your own investments, don’t try to force it. I don’t want you losing your hard-earned money in some stock that Robinhood thinks is a good asset for maybe five minutes. You deserve to put your money to work just like everyone else.

If you’re having trouble implementing your desired investing strategy, or you don’t have a strategy at all, it may be time to look to a professional for help. There are numerous types of financial advice that you can seek. I imagine my fellow beginners will have less than $25,000 or even less than $10,000 in investments. Though advisers usually only work with people who have more assets, a certified financial planner (CFP) or Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) is also qualified to help you.

When you decide it’s time for a financial adviser, there are two main types: fee- and commission-based advisers. You will want to avoid the commission-based professionals, since they will likely try to recommend investment products you don’t need just to make a little extra money for themselves. The fee-based adviser will charge you either an hourly fee or a percentage of your assets. Echoing what Ramit Sethi said in “How to Get Rich,” go for the hourly fee that will only be charged when you meet with your adviser. Over time, even 1% is too much for your adviser to take from your earnings.

If you would prefer not to work with a human being, in true millennial and Generation Z fashion, there are also robo-advisers. Robo-advisers will implement an automated investing strategy based on your answers to a survey. With some, you can choose your level of involvement if you want to have more of a say in what the robo-adviser does for you. According to Ken Schapiro of The Robo Report, the best overall robo-adviser in the industry has also been around the longest: Wealthfront. Be wary of robo-advisers that have just been developed in the last year or advertise that they are using new artificial intelligence (AI) technology. It’s best to use something tried and true in this industry so you don’t get ripped off by the robots!

A good relationship with a financial adviser should strike a balance somewhere between a colleague and a friend, but you should not be asking your friends for investing advice. My parents instilled this in me from an early age, and I remember meeting with their financial adviser around the time I went to college. He was very friendly and helpful, but he wasn’t someone they met or were recommended to work with through a friend. They found him independently, he had verified credentials and already had a long-standing career behind him. You can use the database provided by the National Association of Personal Financial Advisors to find someone reputable. Be sure to also do your own research and read reviews of anyone you are looking to meet with. Good luck, and happy, safe investing!

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Adding a New Climate Leader and Evaluating My Net Worth

Happy new year, it’s time to check in on my portfolio! At the middle of 2023, my portfolio consisted of five index exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that fit my sustainable investing strategy. It has been pretty difficult to find investments for this approach, so I have had to learn as I go, stretching some of my rules to fit what is available to invest in. The financial industry is still catching up to the environmental, social and governance (ESG) movement, so some patience is required!

The two troublemakers I decided to keep in my portfolio last year have continued to be unimpressive: the Global X CleanTech ETF (CTEC) and the Global X Wind Energy ETF (WNDY). They have average As You Sow grades of B, but Global X CleanTech still has a gender equality grade of F and Global X Wind Energy’s fossil fuels grade remains at C—both grounds for deletion in my strategy. Though their expense ratios are favorable at 0.50%, they are the two worst performers in my portfolio, down 30.8% and 23.6% since addition.

When I searched for possible replacements for these two ETFs, I struggled to find even one that qualified. I began my quest on As You Sow, but the highest-graded ETFs on fossil fuels were severely lacking in all other areas: deforestation, gender equality, civilian firearms and military weapons, prison industrial complex and tobacco. So many had grades of D or F—a far cry from sustainable. I also used AAII’s ETF screener to see if I was missing anything, but the ETFs I found with low expense ratios had abysmal As You Sow grades.

Finally, I stumbled on the Etho Climate Leadership U.S. ETF (ETHO). It has an average As You Sow grade of B, with a gender equality grade of C. It has an expense ratio of 0.45%, which is below my 0.60% threshold. However, it has an expense ratio grade of C compared to its category. I’m trying to invest in ETFs with expense ratio grades of A or B, but I’m choosing to make an exception in this case. Ultimately, this expense ratio is lower than that of my two deletion candidates, meaning it will cost me less to hold it. Etho Climate Leadership also has decent five-year performance but significantly underperformed the market last year along with most stocks and ETFs.

Since I could only find one ETF to add to my portfolio, only one ETF will be deleted. The worst of the two, Global X CleanTech, has got to go! That gender equality grade of F has been dragging it down for too long, and it’s not even helping my portfolio’s performance—what’s the point?

Though I said in my blog post about reprioritizing my goals that I would invest another $2,000 in my Charles Schwab brokerage account if I made changes to my portfolio, I discovered that I should have enough between the proceeds from removing Global X CleanTech and the cash balance in my portfolio to invest an amount in Etho Climate Leadership that is equal to my other holdings. I’m choosing not to add more money this time because I’m also funding some other short-term goals. However, at my midyear portfolio review, I will invest more money into each position regardless of whether changes are made since I’ve been so consistent with my saving.

Speaking of saving, when I was evaluating my portfolio, I also calculated my net worth. I have been tracking my net worth on a quarterly basis consistently since October 2022. Since then, my net worth has increased by a cumulative 45.6%! I have added around $10,000 to my net worth, and I’m excited to see how the next year goes. Time to get even more competitive with myself!

Given all this traction I’ve made on my overall finances, I wanted to see how my net worth stacked up. According to The Hill, as of November 2023, the median net worth for those under age 35 is $39,000, while the average is $183,500. My net worth is below the median for my age range but not by so much that I couldn’t surpass it before turning 35. This gives me some idea of a goal to set for my rate of saving and increasing my net worth going forward.

Wishing you all a prosperous 2024!

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The Year of Financial Thinking: 2023 in Review

“Life changes fast. Life changes in the instant.”
—Joan Didion, “The Year of Magical Thinking”

It’s that time of year for everyone to compile their end-of-year list of tax and personal financial moves. AAII’s Tax Guide is now online for those who want to get a head start. My check-in is going to be a little different, with emphasis on the personal.

1. What goals did I achieve this year?

The year 2023 was not an easy one for most. I began the year reviewing my portfolio and my credit card habits, thinking I would be able to conquer the overspending of the holidays and get myself back on track. Though this didn’t happen immediately, I successfully did my taxes for the first time since I started investing. Taxes were my biggest anxiety about investing, because we all know nothing related to the government is easy. I managed to not commit tax fraud, and I no longer dread what 2024 tax season will bring. I also reached a behavioral goal of mine: looking at my brokerage account so infrequently that I saw it in positive territory more often than not.

2. What surprised me about my finances?

In 2023, I discovered that saving consistently is more important than saving the “right” amount each month. I became a little competitive with myself, so when I couldn’t put away the full amount allotted for savings in my budget, I still saved as much as I could from what I had left over. Because of this, and higher interest rates, I am significantly closer to reaching my short- and intermediate-term goals through my high-yield savings accounts than I was at the beginning of the year!

3. How did my relationship with money change this year?

Before this year, I had a lot of fear around money: running out of it, not saving enough of it, spending too much of it on rent and retiring with only enough for cheese and crackers in my later years. It took a while, but I discovered that money is malleable. When I wanted to make a large purchase but my usual means of spending weren’t available to me, I got creative and built room in my budget to take out a loan. Likewise, I lowered the goal amount I will put in savings until the loan is fully paid off. I granted myself so much freedom in this decision, and it enabled me to improve my current life while still improving my future.

4. What would make me and my money happier in the new year?

Now that I have my finances in consistent good standing, it’s time to take advantage of good ol’ compounding. By staying invested in the stock market through index exchange-traded funds (ETFs), the money my investments are making will continue to make money on top of that. Gaining more traction on my goals is my top priority for 2024, even if it means cutting back on spending in some areas. Though I am doing well on my short- and intermediate-term goals, my long-term retirement goal could really use some more attention—and money!

How was your 2023 in finances? Though it was a rough year for humanity and the majority of stocks, what are you looking forward to in 2024?

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The Carrie Finances: Should I Stop Reinvesting My Dividends?

Back when I was uncovering my hereditary financial habits, I learned that my dad’s mom was an avid dividend investor. When my dad was 15, his mom bought him stock in IBM Corp. (IBM) to get him interested in investing. She also put him to work and had him oversee her dividends. My dad would have to maintain a manual bookkeeping spreadsheet to verify which amounts were going into her account and match the dividend depending on the company and the month. All of this was done on paper, adding another level of difficulty.

These days, the process is much more automated, to the point where you might not even know when you receive dividend income unless you regularly check your brokerage account. After years of reading about reinvesting dividends in articles for AAII Dividend Investing, I couldn’t help but wonder: Should I stop reinvesting my dividends for a little extra income in these hard times?

A dividend is a payment that companies make to their investors using excess profits, usually on a quarterly basis. Much like an annual cost of living adjustment in salary, companies are expected to increase their dividend annually to keep up appearances and keep their investors around.

My portfolio is invested in five environmental, social and governance (ESG) exchange-traded funds (ETFs). I don’t require any dividends as part of my investing strategy, but when I started investing, I chose to reinvest the dividends that each of my ETFs pays. The most common way investors reinvest their dividends is through an automated process called a dividend reinvestment plan (DRIP). These plans require that you hold at least one share of the dividend-paying security in a brokerage account.

The main advantage to reinvesting your dividends is the magic of compounding: An investment that reinvests in itself will make more money in the long run. When a dividend is reinvested, it means that you are buying more shares of the security with that dividend. I can tell which of my investments have dividends in my brokerage account by looking at the number of shares I own under “Quantity”:

Most of my share counts are not whole numbers, even though I initially bought whole shares of each ETF. Some investments don’t allow you to buy fractional shares, so this is another advantage of reinvesting dividends. There are also no fees involved in the dividend reinvestment process, which used to be more of a flex before most brokers made investing commission-free.

According to Investopedia, one of the times you should consider not reinvesting your dividends is when you are in or nearing retirement and need the extra income. Likewise, if an investment is not performing well, it’s not a good idea to reinvest more money in that holding.

Now for the moment of truth: How much dividend income is my portfolio receiving? In 2022, I got a whopping $4.03 in dividend payments. So far in 2023, I’ve received $20.08 in dividends, which was a direct result of adding more money to my investments. My Charles Schwab brokerage account estimates that I will receive a total of $48.53 in dividends this year.

Unfortunately, I don’t think $50 would make that big of a difference if I chose to stop reinvesting my dividends. (It certainly wouldn’t buy Carrie Bradshaw a new pair of shoes, but it might cover her drive-thru order below!) Regardless, the money would still be sitting in my brokerage account cash balance waiting to be invested, so I don’t see much of an advantage to interrupting the compounding process.

For now, I’m going to continue reinvesting my dividends and keep an eye on how that income increases as time goes on. If one of my ETFs performs so poorly that I don’t want to invest more money in it, it would be a candidate for deletion before I would consider stopping the dividend reinvestment process.

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I read this so you don’t have to! Financial Feminist by Tori Dunlap

“This is going to sound harsh, but you literally cannot afford not investing.”
—Tori Dunlap

When I started planning this blog back in 2021, Tori Dunlap’s “Financial Feminist” podcast was the first resource I found that was speaking directly to me. Through her company Her First $100K, Dunlap has made it her mission to educate women on investing and empower them to take control of their finances. As someone with the privilege to grow up with parents who taught her about money (and had enough money to constructively talk about), Dunlap made it her prerogative to take up space as a woman in an industry dominated by men, providing information catered to women. It’s not just a title; by definition, she is a financial feminist.

These days, I tend to consume podcasts more for entertainment, so having access to Dunlap’s brain in the form of the book “Financial Feminist” was exactly what this overstimulated millennial needed. The book covers the emotions of money, spending, making a financial game plan, debt, investing, earning and living a financial feminist lifestyle. I found the chapters on the emotions of money and investing to be the most fruitful, but if you are just starting to get your finances together, this book has everything you need.

In the first chapter, Dunlap discusses how women learning about money is a direct threat to the patriarchy: “The patriarchy realizes that when a woman gains the knowledge to build wealth, soon it will have no control over her life or decisions. Her financial independence is a threat to the status quo. So, the patriarchy demands we tax ourselves. It weaponizes our altruism. Recent research suggests that women are expected to behave altruistically and, given that they disproportionately occupy societal roles involving caregiving and subservience, are punished for deviating from that norm to a much greater extent than men are. Thus, women may internalize altruism as their instinctive response, even at their own expense.”

Even if a woman doesn’t identify as a caregiver, the roles that have been established in the body politic dictate that if she doesn’t pour her life and money into helping people, she is selfish. Meanwhile, there is no expectation for men to fill this role. They are taught to get a good, high-paying job and let the rest fall into place. I wonder if this is partly where my passion for donating came from, this inherent need to … just care about other people? Wow, revolutionary!

Dunlap continues that women “need to challenge men’s gender roles in the process, or we’ll be left with a society of individualistic assholes where no one cares about anyone. Financial feminism isn’t just about a woman’s right to decide what she does with her money, without the current socialized pressure to exist in service of others. It’s also about each of us demanding that the people who have access to the most money (i.e., men) actually start thinking about their existence in service of others.”

Men have taken advantage of women’s physical and emotional labor for centuries. Ever since women joined the workforce during World War II and were given access to “the world of men,” they have been shifting their role in society. No longer are women forced to be caregivers, secretaries or teachers in service of others. Now women can, quite literally, do anything they want for work (while still getting paid less than men). However, men haven’t had any reason to change their societal roles along with us; some men still expect their women coworkers to serve as their secretaries, believing that all women have this need to serve, even if that is not in their job description. Instead of having women “lean in” and act more like men in the workplace, Dunlap believes this should be flipped, and men should level the playing field by doing the emotional labor that women do every day. Now that’s feminism, baby!

In the words of Bobbie Barrett from Mad Men:

When it comes to spending, women are more often shamed for spending money. I’ve seen countless videos of women hiding their spending habits from their husbands, getting rid of the evidence before he comes home, thinking this is peak humor. Instead, it makes me physically ill! Dunlap says, “The real kicker here is that the spending power of women drives the majority of the economy. We’ve been marketed to since we were young girls, a constant narrative to get us to spend money … Women are the most marketed to but then are shamed for spending!”

Not only are women trained from a young age to consume, told that spending money on ourselves will improve our lives, we are stimulating the economy as I write this. Somewhere, right now, a woman is getting her nails done, and I’m sure they look incredible! By doing so, she is contributing to someone else’s living wage. Another woman is buying something overpriced at Anthropologie just to feel something. Me? I’m just trying to finish this blog post, but I’ll probably buy some collagen gummies I don’t actually need at Target later (they taste really good 😆).

But seriously, if it weren’t for women spending money to be respected by society, there would be no $580 billion beauty industry, and there would be no stocks for companies like Target, Ulta or Sally Beauty. These are stocks that I’ve read news about in some of AAII’s model portfolios—men spend money in the beauty industry in their own way, knowing that it’s a lucrative investment, and then women are shamed for carrying the economy on their backs. What’s the difference? Both are investments: Men are making money on that money, while women are investing the money in themselves first, and investing in another person or establishment for those beauty services.

Dunlap does a great job of cutting through the patriarchal, financial jargon in this book to simplify how we think about investing. She says, “When it comes down to it, investing is simply putting money into financial products … with the expectation that they’ll make us more money.” She also squashes anyone’s fear about losing money in their investments, “Investing for the long term—twenty or more years—raises your prospects of seeing a return on your investment to 100 percent … In fact, during every single twenty-year period (yes, even during the Great Recession), investors made money. Long-term investing—steady, patient, consistent—does not lose. It never has.” It was great to see such an important and frank discussion of long-term investing after hearing about it for years at AAII (just a tinge of confirmation bias here!).

So far, I was loving this book, but to my dismay, there wasn’t much airtime given to environmental, social and governance (ESG) investing. Having a sustainable investing strategy, to me, is the most financially feminist thing you can do with your money. Not only did it make investing so much easier for me when I was starting out by narrowing the field of investments I could consider, it also cut through a lot of the patriarchal bullshit I knew I would have to deal with as a woman starting to invest. It gave me the ability to say, “No, I’m not going to invest like every man has told me to. I’m not going to just throw all of my money into an index fund that’s filled to the brim with companies that couldn’t care less about me, my community, the earth and our well-being. I’m going to do things my way.”

As Dunlap says, “We work to increase our income and get paid fairly: for our mental health, our financial goals, and our own stability, and to make society better.” Being financially independent isn’t about making the most money in the world (millionaires and billionaires are gross, and they should definitely pay dividends). Ultimately, investing is about making your money work for you so that you can live your life without worrying about your next paycheck. A girl can dream!

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Midyear Portfolio Review and Finding an ESG Benchmark

We made it to the second half of the year already, which means it’s time for a midyear portfolio review! Let’s analyze my seven exchange-traded fund (ETF) holdings and determine if any of them will get the guillotine.

My review process involves looking at my portfolio holdings’ performance, expense ratios (how much investing in the ETF will cost me per year) and their As You Sow grades on fossil fuels, deforestation, gender equality, sales of guns and military weapons, the prison industrial complex and tobacco. I have potentially four holdings that could be deleted, but will I be replacing all of them?

All of my holdings are looking good on expense ratios and their grades; they’re all below 0.60% and have grades of A or B. However, three of my ETFs are having “Gender Trouble” (Judith Butler, 1990) with gender equality grades of F. One ETF’s fossil fuels grade slipped to C. These grade changes are all grounds for deletion in my investing strategy. When evaluating my ETFs on their performance, the four with unsatisfactory As You Sow grades were also the worst performers since being added to my portfolio:

I had a lot of trouble finding replacements for these ETFs that fit my stringent criteria for addition. Possibilities included the Fidelity MSCI Information Technology Index ETF (FTEC), with a prison industrial complex grade of C dragging it down, and the Nuveen Winslow Large-Cap Growth ESG ETF (NWLG), with all A’s and B’s on As You Sow but an expense ratio of 0.64% (grade of D).

Many of AAII’s model portfolios have a rule that if there are no suitable replacements for a stock, the stock should remain in the portfolio until one with better prospects is found. I’ve been thinking about implementing a similar rule for my own portfolio, but with a twist. Since I don’t have a certain number of ETFs that I am required to hold in my portfolio, I could delete an ETF without replacing it. My only rule is that I shouldn’t hold more than seven ETFs at once (for diversification purposes), but what if I held five instead?

Based on their poor performance and gender equality grades of F, I will be removing the Global X Hydrogen ETF (HYDR) and the Global X Solar ETF (RAYS) from my portfolio. I won’t be replacing them with anything new at this time, but hopefully when my next portfolio review rolls around at year-end, I can find something worthy. The other two underperformers with grade slippage will be reevaluated at my next portfolio review as well. Maybe they can get those grades up before then!

With my midyear lump-sum investment of $2,000 added to my brokerage account, I will buy more shares of my current holdings and make sure the money is as evenly distributed as possible among the ETFs.

Using AAII’s My Portfolio tool, I checked how my portfolio would be diversified after removing these two ETFs. I found that my allocations to domestic and foreign stock moved closer to the recommendation from the AAII Aggressive Allocation Model:

Recently, AAII’s lead editor of the Stock Superstars Report (SSR) Matt Markowski wrote about the benchmark used for the SSR portfolio. Choosing a benchmark for my own portfolio has been on my mind for a while. According to the article, “A portfolio benchmark allows individual investors to gauge the relative performance of their portfolios.” Especially in the current investment environment with a lot of red, I thought it would be important to see how my portfolio is doing compared to the majority of environmental, social and governance (ESG) investments.

Most of the ESG indexes I initially found had companies in their top 10 holdings that I wouldn’t touch with a 10-foot pole (Amazon, Apple, Tesla, Microsoft). Many of the indexes I found had more of a domestic focus, but since I have a sizable allocation to foreign stock, I knew my benchmark index would need a global view. Finally, I stumbled on Morningstar’s Global Markets Sustainability index. Morningstar’s transparency made it easy to see exactly what the index holds and how it’s constructed:

Year to date through June 30, 2023, the Morningstar Global Sustainability index is up 14.3%. My own portfolio’s performance isn’t in positive territory, but it’s good to know that it’s possible to outperform while sustainably investing.

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PRISM Step 5: Monitoring Your Allocation, Progress and Life Stages

This is the final post in this initial series. You can read the rest of these blog posts here to learn more about how to use the AAII PRISM Wealth-Building Process!

PRISM is a five-step method for aligning my investment decisions with my goals, created by AAII Journal editor Charles Rotblut. The fifth step details how to use PRISM as a cyclical process that changes as you and your investments age.

The final step of PRISM contains three parts of your financial life to monitor: allocation, progress and life stages. Asset allocation is the process of dividing your investments between different categories like stocks, bonds and cash. Currently, my investment portfolio and my retirement account are pretty much fully allocated to stocks via exchange-traded funds (ETFs), but I have around $80 in cash in my Charles Schwab brokerage account.

Using AAII’s My Portfolio tool, the A+ Investor Asset Allocation Analyzer shows me that the breakdown of my portfolio of index ETFs is a bit off from the AAII Aggressive Asset Allocation Model. The aggressive model calls for 60% invested in domestic stock, 30% in foreign stock and 10% in bonds. My index ETFs round out to 53.5% domestic stock and 46.4% foreign stock, and obviously nothing is in bonds (which, according to AAII founder James Cloonan, is a sound portfolio strategy). I decided to take a look at my 403(b) retirement account as well to see if the average asset allocation of my overall investments could be closer to the aggressive model. My 403(b) has 80.3% in domestic stock and 17.1% in foreign stock. Combined with my index ETFs, my average allocation is 66.9% to domestic stock and 31.8% to foreign stock—definitely closer to the model!

During my next portfolio review at the end of June, I might take a deeper look into my allocation, but for now I’m happy with where I stand.

Next on the list is to check my progress toward my goals. Back in the first step of PRISM, I determined my short-, intermediate- and long-term goals and how much I thought I would need for them. My nearest-term goal is to accumulate $2,000 for the next lump-sum investment in my brokerage account. I’m using my SmartyPig high-yield savings account to track this goal and have about $500 more to go. By my next portfolio review, I should have realized this goal. My goal of buying property in the next three to five years has an estimated cost of $35,000. I’ve been neglecting this goal because the housing market has been ridiculous and, after determining the pros and cons of owning property, I decided that renting is my best option until I feel the need to run away and become a forest witch! Even so, I should be taking more advantage of the 4.25% yield my LendingClub savings account is offering. I currently have around $7,200 and if I can add money more consistently to this account, I could be a lot closer to my goal in the next five years.

The last part of the fifth step of PRISM is to assess any life stage changes that have occurred. Using the Monitoring Your Life Stages worksheet, I determined that nothing has changed, except that I have to walk a lot more to stave off knee and back pain!

Though I made it through all five steps of PRISM, that doesn’t mean I’ll never look at my investments through the lens of PRISM again. When a life stage change occurs, I will need to determine if any revisions are needed to my goals, risk tolerance, allocation and management preferences and apply any of these changes to my investments. PRISM will make its return whenever something dramatic happens to me—I’ll keep you posted!

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I read this so you don’t have to! Investing at Level3 by James Cloonan

“The failure of others to take and be faithful to a long view toward investing is what provides the opportunity for you. Don’t let it slip by.”
—James B. Cloonan, Ph.D.

It took me a while to feel ready for it, but I finally read AAII founder James Cloonan’s career-spanning book, “Investing at Level3.” When I started at AAII in 2017, the book was already in the hands of many investors and has been updated with fresh data a few times since. Cloonan demystifies and denounces various theories that the financial industry has historically relied on to conclude that the individual investor doesn’t need a ton of bells and whistles to become a successful manager of their portfolio.

I admired Cloonan for his quick wit. One time when we were chatting, he referenced Oscar Wilde’s “The Picture of Dorian Gray.” I’m sure he saw my eyes light up at the mention; I used to carry my laughably large, 700-page copy of “The Collected Oscar Wilde” around the hallways in high school because it was too big to fit in my bag! Though he founded AAII, he didn’t like too much public attention (introverts unite!). I felt a kinship with him in this regard and respected that he didn’t feel the need to fit into a mold because of his title.

In the introduction, Cloonan outlines the book’s objectives: 1) To show how most of the investing analysis used today doesn’t cut it for individual investors’ returns; 2) To provide alternatives to these theories that are based in reality; 3) To define and control “real risk” for the long-term investor; and 4) To create a structure for these ideas and empower the individual to ignore the unhelpful noise from the investing industry.

I’m sure you’re wondering by now: “If this book is about Level3 investing, what are the other two levels?” Cloonan defined Level 1 investing as an investor who is acting purely on emotion and “following different advice at different times.” An example of Level 1 investing is everyone who was using Robinhood during the meme-stock craze of 2021. At least it was entertaining! Level 2 investing is the industry standard: a portfolio with 60% in large-cap stocks and 40% in bonds. Officially, Level3 investing uses reality-based instead of theoretical models to increase the individual investor’s returns and retirement income over the long term.

I found the thread of risk that Cloonan weaved through this book to be the most interesting part. Risk is an investing concept that, though I’ve read about it a thousand times, doesn’t register as anything specific in my mind. It all started to make sense when Cloonan wrote, “Every book and article on investing is telling you how to measure risk and the measures don’t make sense in the real world.” Essentially, volatility can be defined as “‘the likelihood of (returns) shifting quickly and unpredictably,’” while risk is “‘the chance of (financial) injury, damage, or loss.’” Volatility seems to be part of the investing process and is more important to the short-term trader than the long-term investor, but risk is more of a bad outcome of investing.

For the long-term investor, Cloonan concludes that risk doesn’t necessarily need to be measured, “we just have to avoid it as much as possible.” He also notes, “In fact, because volatility can add to the return on investment, it can actually reduce real risk. This is because over time additional return will continually increase the value of the portfolio until even in the worst-case scenario the portfolio will be able to maintain a higher value than its lower-return alternative. This is real risk reduction … In short, the long-term investor has almost no risk.”

Two asset classes that Cloonan believed did not fit the Level3 strategy are long-term bonds and international stocks. His case for avoiding long-term bonds “is that they have lower returns over the long run and they provide no significant risk reduction for the long-term investor.” I was relieved to not have to think about bonds because I still don’t understand what they are anyway 😂! Cloonan wasn’t entirely opposed to international stocks, he just didn’t think they should be used purely for diversification purposes.

“Investing at Level3” solidified many of AAII’s teachings I’ve consumed over the years and added more depth to my understanding of risk—it’s nice to know I have one less thing to worry about for my own long-term investing strategy! There was also great attention given to an aggressive investing approach, meaning a portfolio that is mostly allocated to stocks. Cloonan writes, “Going to a more conservative strategy has significant cost, and that cost must be compared with the likely loss from such a scenario.” With this, Cloonan inspires the long-term individual investor to take more “risk” by only investing in stocks, as long as they can stomach it when things turn sour. Here’s to Cloonan’s decades of dedication to educating investors and taking alternative routes to get there.

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PRISM Step 4: Selecting and Managing Your Investments

Read the rest of my blog posts in this series here to learn more about how to use the AAII PRISM Wealth-Building Process!

PRISM is a five-step method for aligning my investment decisions with my goals, created by AAII Journal editor Charles Rotblut. The fourth step of PRISM focuses on how to find specific investments that fit my investing strategy.

Charles emphasizes the need for creating buy and sell rules for my investments. There are lessons containing helpful guidelines for buying and selling stocks, bonds, mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Thankfully, I have already been going about this process outside of PRISM, so I have a portfolio and some loose rules in place for the ETFs I own.

Using the list of Buy and Sell Rules for Mutual Funds and ETFs provided in the fourth step of PRISM, I solidified my portfolio rules.

The first question that caught my eye is related to the ETF’s investment approach. Since my investing strategy is to find sustainable ETFs that aren’t destroying the earth, this is an important consideration for my portfolio.

When I first invested in March 2022, I made notes of the ETFs’ current As You Sow grades in AAII’s My Portfolio tool so I knew why they were attractive investments at the time. As You Sow’s screener grades funds based on their investments in stocks of companies that are profiting from the fossil fuel industry, deforestation, gender inequality, sales of guns and military weapons, the prison industrial complex and tobacco.

During my first portfolio review at the start of 2023, I came up with some rules for my ETFs’ As You Sow grades: In order to add an ETF to my portfolio, it must have mostly grades of A and B—with the exception of gender equality, which can have a grade of C. I made this distinction after much in-depth research about sustainable investing and determined that gender equality is the most common holdout on these kinds of investments. The corresponding sell rule to this is if any of the ETF’s As You Sow grades worsens to C and/or the gender equality grade falls to D then the ETF’s sustainable objective is no longer valid for my portfolio strategy and it should be kicked to the curb.

The next guideline is regarding expense ratios. An expense ratio is the cost investors pay for a fund’s portfolio management. Since I am mostly investing in index ETFs, the expense ratios on my investments should be relatively low.

In my first portfolio review, I determined that I did not want to invest in an ETF with an expense ratio of 0.60% or higher. I also noted that I was looking for expense ratio grades of C or better, but I am now rethinking this rule. If my buy rule is for an ETF with an expense ratio below 0.60% and corresponding grade of A or B, the equivalent sell rule is if that expense ratio increases above 0.60% or its grade falls to C.

Below are my very official buy and sell rules:

As I continue my investing discoveries, I will add to this list and share it with you all. Follow along with me as I venture through the PRISM Wealth-Building Process and solidify my financial plan for the future!

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